I recently noticed my dogs reacting differently to their breakfast each morning, even though I continued to feed them the same flavor of chow from the same manufacturer. The brand and label didn’t change, and yet some mornings, my dogs gobbled up everything in a flash, while other days, they were less enthusiastic, looking at me as if they were thinking, “The chef must have had an off day.”

This change in reaction led me to wonder if some manufacturers varied what they put in their pet food. After investigating the issue, I discovered there are “fixed” formulas and “least-cost” formulas. A least-cost formula means that dog food recipes may fluctuate with the cost.

“The least-cost formulation could certainly explain the finickiness of many animals,” says Katy Nelson, DVM, a Virginia-based emergency veterinarian.

Least-Cost Formula Dog Food

Nelson likens the practice to human food preparations. “Usually, the things that cost the most are the most desirable, like filet mignon. So if a company is scrimping on the cost of the food, they’re likely to leave out or decrease the level of something that would greatly enhance the palatability, as it is likely to cost the most to add.”

Rebecca Rose, CVT, and a career advisor for the Colorado Association of Certified Veterinary Technicians, suggests the lousy economy and a desire for more significant profit could be to blame. “As with many companies around the world, [some pet food manufacturers] are pinching pennies and cutting their overhead or decreasing their services,” Rose explains. “When it comes to pet owners and pet foods, it’s buyer beware! Companies may be cutting costs, decreasing the percentage of quality ingredients even in pet foods.”

Fixed-Formula Dog Food

In contrast, fixed-formula dog food has a “stable ingredient profile.” This stability means the recipes don’t fluctuate with the cost of the ingredients. The proportions of those ingredients remain the same regardless of price.

“Reputable, quality pet foods will post their percentages, meet federal regulations and provide consistent delivery of a safe product,” Rose says. Both she and Nelson emphasize the importance of a company’s adherence to the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) requirements. Nelson explains that AAFCO requires a company to put on its labels a “Guaranteed Analysis” of ingredients, meaning that any sample of the food must, at minimum, have the guaranteed levels of vitamins, minerals, and more.

Ingredients must also be listed on the dog food label in the order of most to least amount included. “So if you pick up a bag of pet food and you see a vegetable-based protein (glutens) in the top few ingredients, it’s time to keep moving down the aisle!” Nelson advises.

Benefits of Fixed-Formula Dog Food

Aside from making mealtimes more pleasurable for your pet, feeding a fixed-formula food offers your dog numerous benefits:

• Nutritional Consistency 

Your dog will always receive the same level of nutrition.

• Flavor Constancy 

The odor, taste, and appearance of the food remain the same.

• Value For Money

With fixed-formula dog food, you get what you pay for instead of hidden fillers that may offer little nutrition to your pet.

• Trust 

When a manufacturer adheres to a fixed-formula policy, you can trust that it values your dog’s health and safety, even over monetary considerations. So when the economy takes a nosedive, you don’t have to worry about what you’re feeding your dog.

In the long run, choosing a fixed-formula food helps to maintain your dog’s health too. “As an emergency veterinarian, I think that having a fixed formula is essential,” says Nelson. He mentions that the chance of having a GI upset from different ratios of ingredients is significantly increased with variable formulas. The digestive enzymes and 

the normal flora of the GI tract can adjust to new things, but they need time. This wouldn’t be such a concern with a fixed-formula food.

Making the Right Choice In Dog Formula

Run an Internet search to see if your manufacturer adheres to a fixed-formula policy. Rose also strongly recommends reading the information posted on the bags of pet food and comparing the lower-cost foods to the premium foods. The process takes just seconds and could make a difference in your pet’s life.

Article written by Author:  The Dog Daily Expert

Selecting the right kibble for your dog can be an overwhelming task. After all, there are dozens of choices on the market these days. To help simplify your decision, ask yourself these seven questions:

1. What Life Stage is Your Dog?

This is an important initial question, as it will then help narrow your choices, says Korinn E. Saker, DVM, president of the American Academy of Veterinary Nutrition. Puppies, for instance, should be on a growth diet, which will contain the proper nutrients for their rapid development. An adult maintenance diet may be best for healthy adults, and senior dogs will thrive on food made specifically for their geriatric needs.  However, Only 11 percent of U.S. pet owners consider their pet’s age when determining which formula to feed their pet. “I always tell my patients that healthy checkups start on the inside,” says Dr. Katy Nelson. Dr. Nelson is an emergency veterinarian in Alexandria, Va., who is also a member of the Iams Pet Wellness Council, who encourages feeding a pet a high-quality diet specific to an animal’s age.

It’s essential to consider the stages of life for dogs when deciding on pet food choices. “Diet requirements — including protein levels, calories and vitamins and minerals — vary over the life of a pet,” says Nelson. “In turn, an animal’s needs change as he grows from a puppy to an adult into a senior.”

Nelson shares these basic guidelines:

• One To 12 Months 

Puppy formula at this stage should include DHA for brain and vision development. Dr. Amy Dicke, a technical service veterinarian, explains that DHA stands for docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. “The benefits of a diet rich in DHA starts in the womb, much like pregnant women taking prenatal vitamins,” says Dicke.

Our Puppy Kibble Recommendations:

• Hill’s Science Diet Dry Puppy Kibble
• Royal Canin Medium Puppy Kibble

Our Adult Dog Kibble Recommendations

• IAMS Minichunks Dog Kibble
• Hill’s Science Diet Dog Kibble

Our Senior Dog Kibble Recommendations

• Purina Pro Plan Complete Essentials Senior Dog Kibble
• Royal Canin Medium 7+ Dog Kibble

While you might think any size will work, buy one appropriately sized for your dog’s mouth.

7. Is Your Dog Overweight?

If your dog is a little heavy, the weight issue needs to be addressed. But don’t do it by cutting back on your dog’s regular food. “You’ll reduce calories, but you’ll also cut valuable nutrients,” says Dr. Saker. Instead, purchase a calorie-restricted food reduces the number of fat calories while still providing optimal nutrition. Be sure to follow the feeding instructions on the food’s packaging.

The ultimate test, however, will be passing your dog’s lip-licking taste bud evaluation.

Article written by Author: Karen Asp and Jennifer Viegas

With such various offerings in the pet food aisle, selecting the right food for your dog can feel complicated. Health issues and life stages may take precedence, but feeding according to breed-specific needs is also an important consideration, especially for healthy adult dogs. 

When George Kantor took his Pug Sadie to his mother’s country home for the holidays, the New York City psychologist forgot to bring his diminutive dog’s small-breed kibble. It was Christmas Eve, and the stores were closed, so he fed Sadie from the food bag of his mother’s standard poodle. “If you know pugs, they never turn down a meal, and Sadie is no exception,” says Kantor. But the pug’s holiday meal soon turned sour.

“She seemed to be having a hard time with the bigger pieces,” he explains. Unfortunately, the kibble didn’t stay down, leaving Kantor with a most unwanted “gift” to clean up. He surmises, “I guess she wasn’t able to chew the large chunks quickly enough.” Kibble size isn’t the only reason to feed your best friend food specific to breed size. Appropriate nutrient levels also vary based on whether your dog is small, medium, large, or giant.

Your dog’s weight at maturity determines its breed size, whether your pet is a giant purebred or a tiny mixed breed. A giant-breed dog may reach 90 pounds or more at maturity, while a large breed will grow anywhere from 51 to 90 pounds. A small/toy dog will weigh up to 20 pounds as an adult. Any furry friend between (21 to 50 pounds) is a medium-sized dog.

Below, veterinarians Trisha Joyce, DVM, of New York City Veterinary Specialists, and Katy J. Nelson, DVM, a Virginia-based emergency veterinarian, weigh in on the importance of size-specific feeding.

Adult Nutritional Differences in Dogs

Post-growth, different breeds still have different needs. “Caloric needs vary based on breed size,” says Dr Joyce. Small and toy breeds have higher metabolic rates (more than twice those of large breeds)and smaller stomachs. They, therefore, function best on energy-dense diets and small meals. Small-breed formulas have more calories per cup than medium- and large-breed foods, making an energy-packed diet most appropriate.

Large and jumbo dogs have special nutritional considerations, mostly related to joint health issues. “In adulthood, larger dogs are prone to orthopedic problems and arthritis, so you may want to select foods that have protective substances for their joints, like glucosamine,” says Dr Joyce. Supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin, which are sometimes included in commercial dog chows, are thought to maintain your oversized pet’s cartilage.

Your Dog in Maturity

“The rate at which a dog ages depends on the breed,” explains Dr. Joyce. The larger and heavier the dog, the earlier the aging process begins. A large or jumbo dog should then start eating a “maturity” diet earlier than a small or toy dog. Larger breeds tend to have shorter life spans, so they might be considered seniors as early as six-years-old, while smaller dogs don’t generally reach senior status until ten years. Check with your veterinarian if you’re not sure when to start a mature diet.

The nutritional makeup of all senior diets should include immune-system-supporting antioxidants like vitamin E and beta-carotene. But such diets also vary by breed size. Large and jumbo dogs are still in need of nutritional support for their sensitive joints, so glucosamine should be on the ingredient list in your large or jumbo pet’s formula. Similarly, small dogs continue to need energy-dense food, and the calories per cup should be higher than for medium and large breeds.  

As for Kantor and his Pug Sadie, they had to make do over Christmas. “I cut the kibble pieces in half before I fed her Christmas day!” he recalls laughing. “The next morning, the stores were open super early, and we were back to her small-breed kibble by breakfast.”

 

What is the Difference Between Toy Breed Dog Food and Regular?

Suppose your dog is a Chihuahua, Toy Poodle, Brussels Griffon, Maltese, Pekingese, Pomeranian, or Yorkshire Terrier or weighs 10 pounds or less. In that case, you could consider feeding him a toy-breed dog food formula.

“The vast majority of toy dogs are shaky and are always cold,” says Dr. Nelson. “They’re worked up all day long over nothing.” As with fidgety people, the constant movement of toy dogs means they burn energy all day long. They also have small stomachs that cannot hold significant portions, so they need an especially calorie-dense formula. Small dogs also tend to have poor dental health and may benefit from tartar-controlling dog foods, helping protect their teeth.

As there is a wide variety of toy dog foods on the market, check with your veterinarian to help you to find the right one for your dog. Follow the portion recommendations on the label and adjust accordingly if your dog does not maintain a healthy weight.

What is the Difference Between Small Breed Dog Food and Regular?

If your dog is a Jack Russell, Shih Tzu, Pug, Lhasa Apso, Cocker Spaniel, Border Terrier, French Bulldog, or Dachshund or weighs between 10 and 20 pounds, you could consider feeding him a small-breed formula.

In the commercial dog food world, toy and small formulas are often one and the same, and with good reason: “A lot of small dogs are also high in energy and low in stomach capacity. Plus, they need bite-sized kibble for their relatively small mouths,” says Dr. Nelson.

However, small dogs are more likely than toy dogs to become overweight. To ensure that toy- and small-dog formulas do not pack the pounds on your dog, small-dog owners need to be particularly attuned to portion control.

Finding the right dog food for your dog is a significant first step; ensuring they are fed correctly is the second. Follow the portion recommendations on the label and adjust accordingly if your dog does not maintain a healthy weight.

As there is a wide variety of dog foods on the market for small dogs, check with your veterinarian to help you to find the right one for your dog for whatever their life stage.

 

What Should I Feed My Mid-Sized Dog?

If your dog is a Schnauzer, Beagle, Border Collie, Basset Hound, Irish Terrier, Portuguese Water Dog, or Shar-Pei or weighs between 20 and 50 pounds, you could consider feeding him a standard adult dog food formula.

Mid Sized dogs are considered standard by the pet food industry, and their needs encompass the needs of most dogs: high-quality protein dog food to maintain muscle mass, fiber to promote intestinal health, fish oil for healthy skin and coat, carbohydrates for fuel and vitamins and minerals for proper immune function.

“These are middle-of-the-road dogs,” says Dr Nelson. “In adulthood, there’s not a lot separating their dietary needs from large breeds.” Such dogs do, however, reach what is considered old age more slowly than bigger dogs. Mid Sized canines can safely remain on “adult” instead of a “maturity” formula through to age 7.

As there is a wide variety of dog foods on the market for standard-sized dogs, check with your veterinarian to help you to find the right one for your dog for whatever their life stage.

What is the Difference Between Large Breed Dog Food and Regular?

Suppose your dog is a German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Pointer, Great Dane, Bullmastiff, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, or weighs over 50 pounds. In that case, you could consider feeding him a large or giant-breed dog food formula.

Post-puppy-hood, large and giant breeds have the same nutritional requirements and the same concerns. “They have a lot more joint issues compared to smaller dogs,” says Dr Nelson. Foods for these oversized dogs should contain glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate for joint health and antioxidants like vitamin A and vitamin E to slow the aging effects, which larger dogs do more quickly.

Finally, they also require fewer calories. Large-breed foods have less fat and calories per kibble because, except for hunting dogs, the dogs they’re targeted at tend to be less active. The L-carnitine in these formulas will help large and giant dogs to burn fat more efficiently.

Large dog breeds can be more susceptible to conditions such as Orthopedic Disease and Bloat. Feeding your large dog a formula specifically designed for large dogs made by

a reputable company can help avoid the onset of these conditions. Consult with your veterinarian for any recommendations and advice.

Finding the right dog food for your dog is a significant first step; ensuring they are fed correctly is the second. Follow the portion recommendations on the label and adjust accordingly if your dog does not maintain a healthy weight.

No matter your dog’s breed, feeding the right formula will help maintain its health and longevity, an objective that all dog lovers can agree on, regardless of their breed preferences.

Article written by Author: Darcy Lockman, and The Daily Dog Expert

Virginia-based emergency veterinarian Katy Nelson has seen the havoc that an inadequate diet can wreak on a dog. “You can spot a dog on the wrong diet a mile away,” says Nelson. “Their coat is dull, and they look lethargic.” Some breeds, such as German Shepherds, are more prone to digestive issues than others, but all dogs can suffer the consequences of a diet that produces too much stool, which precludes proper nutrient absorption.

Veterinarians and dog food manufacturers agree that dogs need to eat food with moderately fermentable fibers. Below, Nelson shares her advice for identifying digestive issues and looking for specific ingredients in your dog’s food to ensure that it’s getting all its nutrients.

Identifying Digestive Troubles In Your Dog

Unfortunately, the best way to know whether your dog is having digestive problems is to check its poop. Stools that are too hard or too soft may indicate that your dog is either not absorbing nutrients from food or that the food does not have the proper nutrients to keep the digestive tract healthy in the first place.

How Can I Improve My Dog’s Digestive System?

“If your dog is having problems with elimination or vomiting, you need to work with your veterinarian to investigate what is going on,” says Nelson. “If you haven’t changed your pet’s diet and it has diarrhea for more than two or three days, vomiting multiple times a day, or has any blood in the stool, this indicates something more serious than improper digestion.” Once your veterinarian has ruled out conditions like pancreatitis, parasites, and inflammatory bowel disease, it’s time to talk about food.

Best Ingredients For Dog GI-Healthy Diets

Beet Pulp 

The term “digestibility” refers to how easily food goes down and how readily absorbable its nutrients are. According to Nelson, the best fiber source is moderately fermentable, which comes in beet pulp.

Prebiotics 

These ingredients promote the gut’s natural, good bacteria while keeping the harmful bacteria in check. The next element on Nelson’s must-have list is the prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which crowd out the harmful bacteria and feeds the good.

Grain Sorghum and Barley 

Research has found that combining these complex carbohydrates also enhances digestibility, providing a stable energy source throughout the day.

The above ingredients enhance gastrointestinal tract health, allowing your dog to absorb vitamins, minerals, and other beneficial components, like vitamin A and fish oils. 

Prescription Formula Dog Food

If your dog is having digestive problems despite being on a diet that includes beet pulp and prebiotics, talk to your veterinarian about a veterinary intestinal formula. “I often try a prescription diet for a short period, and then taper off to a nonprescription food,” says Nelson.  “The prescription diet usually serves as a temporary solution.  Once the pet gets through a tough time, we go back.” Nelson adds that some dogs need to remain on the 

veterinary-prescribed food. “It is more expensive but less so than continuous trips to the vet. If you find something that works, you can stick with it.”

It’s important to note that GI tract problems are often stress-related. “Whether their favorite person is away from home or they are engaging in fun activities, like a long hike, the adrenal glands secrete cortisol, which can lead to an imbalance of bacteria in the gut and can require treatment with antibiotics,” she says. Taking care of your dog’s GI tract will help to ensure that you and your pet can enjoy each other’s company for many meals to come.

Article written by Author: Darcy Lockman

According to the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, an estimated 45 percent of all U.S. dogs are overweight or obese. Luckily, food choices based on sound science can help treat overweight or underweight dogs. So, is my dog a healthy weight?

For many dog owners, determining what’s over or under a healthy weight isn’t so obvious. The most reliable way to find out is to ask your veterinarian, says Dr. Katy Nelson, a Virginia-based vet who has consulted on dog food nutrition matters. Your vet will use one of two scoring systems, with a sliding scale that runs from emaciated to morbidly obese.

An excellent at-home way to measure is to look at your dog’s ribs, says Rebecca Rose, a veterinary technician. 

She has routinely advised pet owners about weight issues over her 23-year career. “If ribs can be seen, your dog is too thin,” she says. 

 “If the ribs can be felt, that is optimum. If the ribs are not felt, then your dog is overweight.”

What Happens If a Dog Is Overweight?

Overweight dogs live shorter lives, according to many studies, with a reduction in life span by two or more years.

Dr. Gail K. Smith, professor of orthopedic surgery at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, worked on a 14-year study of a canine diet. Smith and his colleagues found that “lean body conformation forestalls some chronic illnesses (in dogs), most notably osteoarthritis. That diet can either mitigate or exacerbate the expression of genetic diseases.” Therefore, dog owners need to keep their dogs lean, with palpable ribs and a distinct waistline.

Selecting an Appropriate Weight Control Dog Food

You should first “determine the number of calories your pet is currently consuming, including main meals, snacks, treats, and toppers,” says Dr. Amy Dicke, an Ohio-based veterinarian. Establish a goal weight with your veterinarian, and then move on to selecting foods.

The foods should offer complete nutrition and contain unique ingredients for weight loss, such as L-carnitine, an element that helps burn fat while keeping your dog energized and feeling full.

In case you ever have a question about the food, quality manufacturers provide a toll-free number on the package. Feel free to call up and discuss your concerns with their pet specialists.

Overweight Versus Obese Dogs

Beyond these basics, you can choose between “off the shelf” weight control dog foods and unique veterinary formulas available through many veterinarians. Also called “therapeutic diets,” these veterinary formula diets are generally designed for obese pets. Obese dogs and cats are 20 percent over their ideal weight. Therapeutic diets are often the most restricted in fat and calorie content.

Once you know your dog’s goal, many specialized foods can help. Here’s a quick rundown for each situation:

What Should I Feed My Underweight Dog?

Foods created specifically for underweight dogs, sometimes called “performance” foods, usually contain higher protein and fat than usual. These higher protein and fat levels can help build muscle mass. They aren’t merely the doggie equivalent of Big Macs, says Nelson. They’re just much more calorically dense than other foods, allowing dogs to eat a “normal” amount but supplying it with more calories per bite.

Nelson believes it’s a better option than giving more significant portions of “regular” food. “If a pet becomes accustomed to eating a large amount per day, it may be more difficult to transition it [back] when it’s achieved an ideal weight.”

How Can I Control My Dogs Weight?

Anyone who has dieted knows that, after losing weight, keeping it off can be challenging. That’s where “weight control” foods come in (sometimes they’re also called “weight maintenance” or “weight management”). They’re used to maintain the ideal weight once it’s been achieved.

“Don’t count on them to reduce your pet’s weight,” warns Nelson. “But they’re wonderful foods if your pet is where it needs to be.” She says these foods can also be used for obesity prevention — for a dog that has the potential to become overweight, such as hypothyroid or “couch potato” dogs.

What Is the Best Diet For an Overweight Dog?

Since 25 to 40 percent of dogs are considered overweight or obese, according to numerous university reports, there’s a good chance you’re living with a rotund Rover. If so, you’ve probably mulled over dog foods labeled with terms like “low calorie,” “lite,” and “weight control.” New research, however, has determined that such diets vary widely beyond the packaging and labeling differences.

There is a wide variety of options for dogs that need to lose weight. Some of these foods are very high in fiber since fiber makes dogs, like people, feel fuller with smaller amounts of food. But Nelson says drawbacks include the increased “output” that results from a fiber-rich diet and low coat quality. Instead, she prefers high-quality dog foods with moderate amounts of carbohydrates and protein.

“Look for products that include L-carnitine, an amino acid that helps ‘escort’ fat into cells to be burned efficiently,” says Nelson. “Also look for vitamin A — it helps fool the brain into thinking that it’s full — and chromium tripicolinate, another fat-burning additive.”

Tufts University Pet Food Study

Scientists from the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University recently investigated nearly 100 commercially available pet food diets with weight management claims. “There is so much information — and misinformation — about pet foods. Understandably, people are confused about what to feed their dogs and cats,” says Dr. Lisa Freeman, a nutrition professor at Cummings who holds a doctorate in nutrition and veterinary medicine.

Under federal guidelines, pet foods labeled with terms like “light” or “low calorie” must provide caloric content on their labels. The foods must also adhere to a maximum kilocalorie per kilogram restriction. But Freeman and her team found that more than half of the evaluated foods exceed this maximum. The researchers also discovered that if owners follow the feeding recommendations for many foods, their pets gain weight.

But these foods alone won’t do the trick. “Portion control is the key in utilizing these scientifically engineered foods,” says Nelson. “You can have the best weight loss food on the market in your pet’s bowl, but if you’re dishing out too much of it, giving too many treats or not incorporating physical activity, your diet plan will fail.”

It’s also important to know the proper definition of a “cup” of food. Rose says she’s experienced many occasions where a dog owner’s idea of a cup was way off from the official eight ounces. “Conversations around ‘cup’ varied — is a coffee can is a cup? Or a 24-ounce soda cup? These are not exact 8-ounce servings,” she says.

While it’s essential to select the right weight loss diet, your companionship cannot be packaged or replaced. As Dicke points out, your dog’s “activity level, the home environment, and (your) vigilance” are essential to helping your dog lose the excess pounds and keep them off for good.

5 Step Dog Weight Management Plan 

As you work with your dog on its new weight management plan, Dicke advises that you do the following:

• Step 1: Approach weight loss in a holistic manner. Often, this means starting with a lifestyle change.
• Step 2: Accurately measure the food, and if you are giving any treats or biscuits, consider the calories added to your pet’s daily intake.

• Step 3: If possible, feed the daily food allotment in multiple small meals throughout the day.
• Step 4: Increase daily exercise.
• Step 5: Any human interaction or attention tends to increase activity. If you show interest in your dog and what it’s doing, your dog will be more energetic and engaged.

Lastly, you might wonder how all these foods taste. Are they as unappealing to dogs as many “diet” foods are to people? “You may have to try a few foods to find the one that your pet will like,” says Nelson. “But in general, pets that are obese often do not have the most discerning tastes.”

Article written by Author: Brad Kloza, and The Dog Daily Expert

In dog food’s ever-evolving landscape, formulas for highly active or sporting dogs are the latest trend. There’s a good reason: Just like human athletes’ nutritional needs are different from those of non-athletes, the same is true for dogs. But what exactly is a sporting dog? Dr. Katy Nelson, a Virginia-based veterinarian, says the athlete/non-athlete comparison is apt.

“Think of this in terms of people,” says Nelson. “Michael Phelps is going to have vastly different nutritional needs from the average person who goes to the gym a few times a week. A weekend warrior does not need a diet change in the dog world to compensate for one major calorie-burning session a week.

In contrast, a dog that lives on a farm runs with its owner every day, does agility training, or hunts every day is going to have much higher caloric requirement just for maintenance than an average dog.”

These particular foods are differentiated mainly by higher fat and protein quantities and a focus on high-quality protein. “Fat brings in twice the amount of kilocalories per gram than protein and carbohydrates,” says Dr. Amy Dicke, an Ohio-based veterinarian and technical services veterinarian for Iams, specializing in diet and nutrition. “Meat-based proteins, such as chicken, bring in the essential amino acids to support muscle maintenance and development. Other meat-based proteins also supply natural sources of glucosamine and chondroitin, which are important building blocks for healthy joint cartilage — essential for active dogs that may be performing activities that can stress joints.”

Sporting Dog Food Recommendations

Sporting Dog Food

• Sportmix Wholesomes Dog Food
• Eukanuba Premium Performance Dog Food
• Purina Pro Plan Sport Dog Food

lifestyle is wrong for puppies, whose growing joints may be harmed by overly strenuous, repetitive activity.”

Monitor Activity Levels For Your Active Dog

As a last word of advice, both doctors warn overzealous owners not to mistake sporting dog food for a performance enhancer and guard against pushing dogs too far. “Owners need to be keenly perceptive of their pets’ tolerance, as some dogs will continue to perform past their max because they enjoy the activity,” says Dicke. “Fatigue, lameness and post-exercise muscular, paw pad, or joint pain can be indicators of overexertion.”

Article written by Author: Elijah Merrill

Large-breed dogs age faster because their bulk puts more significant stress on their bodies. Dogs that weigh more than 50 pounds are considered senior-plus at age 9, but dogs that weigh less than 50 pounds aren’t considered senior until age 11.

Mid Size Dogs

Unlike giant and large-size dogs that are considered seniors at 5 and 6 years old, respectfully, a small and medium-size dog usually doesn’t experience age-related changes that early. But by the age of 7 years old, however, your mid-size dog is thought of as a senior pet. Its nutritional requirements are also changing. You can help keep your dog active, happy, and healthy with a diet that delivers highly digestible, enhanced nutrition.

When New York City native George Kingsman’s 11-year-old Pug, Lily, began regularly limping around after each of her many naps, her veterinarian suggested a food change: senior-plus formula. “I transitioned to senior-plus food. She lost weight and, even better, her joint stiffness subsided within weeks,” says Kingsman.

Dr. Trisha Joyce, a veterinarian of BluePearl Veterinary Partners, says that Lily’s quick improvement was probably due to weight reduction and the special supplements in senior-plus food. Below, Joyce weighs in on the unique nutritional needs of dogs in their golden years.

Recognizing the Signs of Aging in Your Dog

The changes your dog is experiencing right now affect it in many ways. You may notice that your dog could have a dull, dry coat and flaky skin, declining activity or weight gain, decreased immune system response, more frequent intestinal problems, joint stiffness, and a loss of lean muscle mass. Experts believe that senior dogs may require fewer calories, but to address particular mature concerns, your dog still needs high-quality protein and carefully balanced nutrients.

Why Do Nutritional Considerations Change as Dogs Age?

“One of the more preventable problems for older dogs is probably weight gain,” says Joyce. “Like humans, dogs become more sedentary as they age, and their caloric needs decrease.”

Other concerns for older dogs will sound familiar to anyone familiar with the human aging process:

• Immune Functioning – A dog’s ability to fight illness declines with age.
• Mobility – Joyce says that large-breed dogs are especially prone to joint issues, though small dogs are not entirely immune. “They are all susceptible to joint degradation, just like people.”
• Dental Problems – Like humans, gum disease leaves dogs prone to heart problems as well as other issues, like pain when chewing. “Dental disease is ubiquitous in small-breed dogs,” cautions Joyce, who adds that larger dogs are also at risk.
• Skin and Coat Issues – As dogs age, their oil-producing glands work less efficiently. Their skin and coats can become dry, allergies can worsen, and wounds may become slower to heal.

Dog Food for Mature Dogs

Some dog foods tailored to seniors may offer lower calorie levels, which are appropriate for an assumed decrease in activity levels. But Dicke says food for active older dogs needs to provide enough calories and address the physiological changes happening inside. Ingredients to look for include:

Antioxidants, such as vitamin E, to help support waning immune system function.

• Glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health.
• Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) for dental health.
• Prebiotics, like fructooligosaccharide (FOS), to support the digestive system.

“A prebiotic fiber selectively feeds beneficial bacteria in the gut and starves the bad bacteria,” says Dicke. “This can create an optimal environment in the gut that can promote better digestion and have an influence on the immune system, as 70 percent of the immune system is located in the digestive tract.”

According to Dr. Katy Nelson, the right protein is another important factor at this age, a veterinarian based in Alexandria, Va. “High protein in elderly dogs adds pressure on the aging kidneys. Low protein, conversely, doesn’t supply them with an adequate amount to preserve normal bodily functions, muscle mass, or skin and coat. Therefore, moderate levels are ideal,” says Nelson.

Our Recommendations for Senior Dog Food

• Purina Pro Plan Senior 7+ Dog Food
• Hill’s Science Diet 7+ Dry Dog Food
• Blue Buffalo Life Protection Natural Dog Food

Senior Dog Food Ingredients

Ward and Dr. Katy Nelson, a Virginia-based veterinarian, point out some key things to look for when considering a senior formula:

• Protein: 

Ideally, from a formulation, at least 24 percent and higher protein from animal sources like chicken.

• Reduced Sodium (Salt): 

High blood pressure is a severe concern for aging dogs. While research on sodium effects is ongoing, few people doubt that dogs should consume an appropriate, not excessive, amount of sodium in their diets.

• Low Caloric Density: 

Compared to adult formulas, senior formulations, in general, will drop 20 to 30 percent in calorie density per serving. “That’s a big difference because we get into a habit of giving a cup or a bowl per day,” says Ward. “So the food itself needs to have fewer calories in that cup or bowl.” However, keep in mind that senior dogs (9 years of age and older for large breeds and 11 years of age and older for small and medium breeds) may have different specific caloric needs. Consult with your veterinarian to determine what is best for your pet.

• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: 

Omega-3 Fatty Acids help to combat the increased inflammation that comes with aging.

• Glucosamine and Chondroitin: 

To combat and prevent arthritic conditions. “The only caution is that the amount of the omega-3 and glucosamine may not be adequate for a specific pet. You may need to supplement,” says Ward.

What Should You Look For In Senior-Plus Dog Food?

Given the most common health concerns of older dogs, senior-plus food should be crunchy and reduced in calories. “The crunch of kibble works like a natural abrasive to help reduce plaque buildup on teeth,” says Joyce. Senior-plus food should also address fat burning, immune functioning, joint health, and skin and coat dryness. The following ingredients mitigate each of these common concerns:

• L-Carnitine – This compound is thought to promote fatty acids’ metabolism, helping dogs burn them as energy.
• Antioxidants – “Antioxidants are thought to support immune functioning. These fall under the category of ‘Might help; can’t hurt,'” says Joyce.
• Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate – These compounds are naturally produced by the body and keep cartilage healthy. A senior-plus formula should be supplemented with these to stop the progression of arthritis.
• Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids – “They’re like immune boosters for the skin and coat,” says Joyce. These fatty acids are widely believed to support sleek coats and supple skin.

These components are critical to an aging dog’s nutrition, whether you choose dry or canned dog food. They also will help you to select healthier, age-appropriate treats.

How Do You Know If Senior-plus Food Is Right for Your Dog?

Senior-plus food is appropriate for all dogs 11 and older whose health problems do not meet a specific prescription diet threshold. Dogs with more severe health problems may need a more aggressive dietary approach. “Senior food is no substitute for a prescription diet. Make sure to involve your veterinarian in any decision to change your pet’s food,” advises Joyce.

When transitioning to a new food, it is recommended that you gradually make the change, substituting small amounts of new food for old over a week.

Are You Feeding Your Dog Age-Appropriate Food? 

As a general rule, dogs are considered mature when they reach seven years of age, and honorable seniors at around age 11. Large breeds skew a little earlier, and small breeds skew later. While seven might seem like a young age to change the food of a dog that’s still active and playful, experts say looks can be deceiving. “Aging brings with it physiological changes. Some are obvious, others are not,” says Dr. Amy Dicke, an Ohio-based veterinarian and technical services veterinarian for Iams who specializes in diet and nutrition. “Skin and hair coat changes may be obvious, while lean muscle mass loss and digestive or immune system failing may be less evident or hidden. Changes also include joint/mobility/flexibility concerns and oral health.”

If your older, once active dog is experiencing weight gain or health problems, consider looking into its diet: It may need a dog food that’s formulated for senior dogs. While senior formulas are nothing new, continued scientific advances lead to recent significant changes. For instance, senior formulas have significantly reduced protein content for fear that they could lead to kidney problems. But within the last decade, science has reversed the thinking in that regard, and a significant amount of protein is now a crucial aspect of senior dog food.

“The basic understanding of the science has pushed the needle toward making food and nutrition optimal,” says Dr. Ernie Ward, a veterinarian and nutrition expert in North Carolina. “Seniors are living better than ever before. It’s never been a better time to be an old dog.”

What to Feed an Older Dog Who Won’t Eat?

• Take your dog to your veterinarian to rule out any medical reasons for your senior dog’s lack of appetite.
• If your senior dog has gone off their usual food, you could try mixing in some moist or canned food into their dry food. Adding some warm water to dry food could also help.  
• Serve your older dog their food at room temperature, not straight out of the refrigerator.  
• A change of flavor from their usual may spark up your dog’s taste buds and create some interest in eating.

When Should a Dog Have Senior Dog Food?

Senior status for dogs is generally considered to come at age 11, but large breeds should probably switch one to two years earlier. Beyond that, the doctors say not to wait for symptoms to present themselves before switching. “This is about prevention, not just treatment,” says Ward. “Be very proactive.”

When you introduce the new food, gradually increase the percentage of a mixture with your dog’s current food. “Take at least seven to 10 days to switch your pet’s food,” says Nelson. “A fast switch can lead to significant GI upset and an aversion to the new diet.”

It’s important to remember there is no one-size-fits-all food. “There is no perfect food, but there is a food out there that is perfect for your pet,” says Nelson. “Include your veterinarian in the conversation, and you can find the food that is just right for your pup’s specific nutritional needs and health concerns.”

In the future, Ward thinks genetic profiling technology will allow veterinarians to recommend a personalized diet that best suits your dog’s unique DNA. For now, he stresses how important it is to take advantage of today’s optimized, high-quality senior dog foods. “There’s nothing better you can do to prevent disease and add longevity than choosing the right food for your pet,” he says.

How to Switch Your Dog To a Senior Dog Food

Both experts advise using the guidelines above as a starting point for discussions with your veterinarian, who should be involved in the decision to switch foods. From there, they suggest implementing the change slowly and gradually.  Decide on a period between seven and ten days, and then give your dog a different mixture every few days.  “The first two days, 25 percent of the current food volume should be replaced by the new food and gradually increase until your dog is eating 100 percent of the new product,” says Dicke.

As your dog gets even older and goes from the mature stage to the true senior stage, 

you may want to switch again to a food that suits a more sedentary lifestyle. That decision should be made with the close supervision of your veterinarian. If many of the early age-related changes may be hidden, the ones that follow into the senior years can be unpredictable. “Dogs, like people, age differently depending on their lifestyle and health condition,” says Nelson. Luckily, there’s likely to be a specialized food out there to help any dog age gracefully. 

With a minimum investment of time and effort, you may increase the chances that your aging companion will likely be at your side for many more years to come. 

Article written by Author: Elijah Merrill, Mary Kirkland, Rose Springer, and The Dog Daily Expert

Some dogs, like people, have more sensitive skin than others. For dogs, a few of the telltale signs are itching and inflammation. These can be caused by food allergies and environmental problems, among other factors. For food-related issues, you can take action to help your dog feel better.

One of the first vital questions to ask is if your dog’s skin problems are connected to the food that it is consuming. “Most people jump to change their dogs’ food whenever the dog starts to itch, assuming that the food is the problem,” says Dr. Katy Nelson, an associate emergency veterinarian in Alexandria, Va. “However, only about 10 percent of pets have a food allergy, so finding the true allergen is key to controlling skin problems.”

She adds that “even if the allergen is not an ingested one, sensitive-skin formula foods may still help.”

Dog Food For Sensitive Skin

Special foods are now available through your veterinarian to address skin and coat problems. They promote healthy skin and coat with these types of ingredients:

• Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: 

These are found in ingredients such as fish oil and canola oil. They help to manage a pet’s itching and scratching. These oils also “help the skin replenish its luster,” says Nelson.

• Unique Dog Food Blends: 

“When looking for a sensitive-skin formula, ensure that there is just one protein source (e.g., chicken or beef versus ‘poultry products’) and one carb source to reduce antigenic stimulation,” says Nelson.

• Vitamins and Minerals:

Will help to restore nutrients in the coat and skin. Nelson mentions biotin and vitamin E in particular.

• Linoleic Acid: 

This acid is found in high-quality, animal-based protein. It helps to keep your dog’s coat shiny and healthy.

Both wet and dry foods may contain all of the above. “Premium wet food can provide the same nutritional benefits as its dry counterpart,” explains Dr. Amy Dicke, a technical services veterinarian for Iams. “Premium foods provide a complete and balanced diet and deliver higher-quality ingredients for easy digestion and absorption of essential nutrients.”

Dog Breeds Known For Sensitive Skin

Nelson says that certain breeds are more prone to skin and coat disorders. These include hound dogs, white dogs (think redheaded people with sensitive skin), Golden Retrievers (and other thick-coated breeds), Pomeranians, Doberman Pinschers, and more.

Wrinkly dogs, such as bulldogs and Shar-Peis, are notorious for suffering from skin and coat issues. A recent study published in the journal PLoS Genetics determined that the wrinkled skin of Shar-Peis contains an excess of a compound called hyaluronan. Co-author Linda Tintle of Wurtsboro Veterinary Clinic and her colleagues found that the excess is caused by a genetic mutation, resulting in inflammatory skin disease. “With this genetic information, people can avoid breeding Shar-Peis with many (genetic) duplications,” “Understanding the causes will also lead to more effective treatments.”

Additional Tips To Help Your Dog’s Sensitive Skin

Whether your dog is one of the at-risk breeds or just an itchy mutt, you can help your 

dog, according to Nelson, by doing the following three things:

1. Always keep your dog’s flea and tick prevention current. 
2. Keep its skin as clean as possible by bathing frequently and using wipes in between baths. 
3. Avoid switching between foods/protein sources to lower antigenic stimulation. It’s better for your dog if you find one quality food that agrees with your dog and stick with it. Variety can be the spice of life, but for dogs with sensitive skin, it’s best to stay with the tried-and-true food that your veterinarian recommends.

Article written by Author: Jennifer Viegas